House Renovation Surrey

House Renovation Surrey

Home renovation

Their project management approach isn't just about keeping things on track. Their meticulous attention to detail and commitment to customer satisfaction set them apart. Learn more about House Renovation Surrey here You'll see homes that not only look better but also function more efficiently, saving you money and reducing your carbon footprint. Learn more about Canyon Property Projects Ltd. here. Hearing directly from satisfied customers, you'll discover how Canyon Property Projects has transformed their homes and exceeded expectations.
You'll notice kitchens that have been expanded and modernized, living spaces that have been reimagined for comfort and functionality, and exteriors that have been upgraded to enhance curb appeal and durability. We understand that your home is a reflection of you, which is why we're dedicated to not just meeting, but exceeding your renovation expectations. You'll appreciate the way they prioritize understanding your vision.
We understand the importance of blending functionality with aesthetics, which is why we focus on both the big picture and the minute details of your renovation project. You'll find that their use of reclaimed or recycled materials doesn't compromise on quality or aesthetics.

House Renovation Surrey - Walk-in shower installation

  • Custom design-build services
  • Staircase renovation
  • Window replacement
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Vanity replacement
  • Home layout redesign
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Living room renovation
  • Home energy audit
  • Backsplash installation
  • Drywall installation and repair
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Tile installation services
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Renovation contractors
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Laundry room renovation
This includes selecting materials, finalizing designs, and setting a project schedule that works for you.
Choosing Canyon Property Projects Ltd means you're opting for a seamless blend of quality, reliability, and unmatched expertise. They're keen on incorporating energy-saving features such as solar panels, energy-efficient appliances, and LED lighting into their designs. The attention to detail is evident in every project, showcasing how personalized touches can truly make a space feel like home.



House Renovation Surrey - Deck and patio remodeling

  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Plumbing upgrades
  • Hardwood floor refinishing
  • Home office renovation
  • Experienced renovation team Surrey
  • Soaking tub installation
  • Sustainable renovation materials
  • Wall removal services
  • Structural renovation
  • Accessible home design
  • Porch renovation
  • Sunroom addition
  • Mudroom design
  • Residential remodeling

They're not just about making your space look new; they're focused on making it work better for you.

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  1. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  2. Green home remodeling
  3. Home insulation upgrades
  4. Landscaping and hardscaping
  5. House remodeling experts
  6. Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  7. Surrey custom home upgrades
  8. Bathroom tile renovation
  9. Basement suite construction
  10. Baseboard and trim renovation
  11. Entryway remodeling
  12. Laminate flooring installation
  13. Local home renovators Surrey
  14. Renovation cost estimates
  15. Attic renovation
  16. Home remodeling consultation
By choosing Canyon Property Projects, you're opting for a renovation that respects the environment while enhancing your living space. Canyon Property Projects Ltd's commitment to personalized design solutions means your renovated home won't just be functional and beautiful. This isn't a one-size-fits-all approach.

We're committed to delivering top-notch quality within agreed timelines, because we know you're eager to enjoy your newly renovated space. Once you give the green light, the magic begins. Before a single tool is picked up, we sit down with you to understand your desires, needs, and the functionalities you envision for your space.

Our aim is to deliver exceptional results that exceed your expectations without any hidden costs or delays. At Canyon Property Projects, you'll find that exceptional quality doesn't have to come with a hefty price tag. The renovation process with Canyon Property Projects isn't just a sequence of steps; it's a journey towards realizing the potential of your home, with expert guidance every step of the way.

House Renovation Surrey - Sunroom addition

  1. Basement suite construction
  2. Baseboard and trim renovation
  3. Entryway remodeling
  4. Laminate flooring installation
  5. Local home renovators Surrey
  6. Renovation cost estimates
  7. Attic renovation
  8. Home remodeling consultation
  9. Whole house renovation
  10. Countertop installation
  11. Flooring installation
  12. Roofing and gutters
  13. Surrey renovation project planning
  14. Surrey home renovation company
  15. Financing options for renovation
  16. Home gym remodeling
  17. Project management


Their commitment to sustainable practices means you're not just investing in your home, but also in the future. By leveraging their experience and resources, they're able to anticipate challenges and mitigate them before they become issues. You're never in the dark about the status of your project.



House Renovation Surrey - Sunroom addition

  1. Home remodeling consultation
  2. Whole house renovation
  3. Countertop installation
  4. Flooring installation
  5. Roofing and gutters
  6. Surrey renovation project planning
  7. Surrey home renovation company
  8. Financing options for renovation
  9. Home gym remodeling
  10. Project management
  11. Painting and wall finishes
  12. Eco-friendly renovations
  13. Electrical renovations
  14. Door installation
  15. Home theater installation
  16. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  17. Basement waterproofing
  18. Home addition services
  19. Surrey heritage home restoration

Citations and other links

Home Interiors House Renovation Surrey

At Canyon Property Projects, we dive deep into your desires, ensuring that every facet of the renovation process is clear and tailored to your expectations.

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  1. Whole house renovation
  2. Countertop installation
  3. Flooring installation
  4. Roofing and gutters
  5. Surrey renovation project planning
  6. Surrey home renovation company
  7. Financing options for renovation
  8. Home gym remodeling
  9. Project management
  10. Painting and wall finishes
  11. Eco-friendly renovations
  12. Electrical renovations
  13. Door installation
  14. Home theater installation
  15. Home improvement ideas Surrey
  16. Basement waterproofing
  17. Home addition services
Our renovation projects in House Renovation Surrey have transformed numerous homes, showcasing the seamless blend of sustainability and style our clients love. Choosing Canyon Property Projects means partnering with a team that's dedicated to quality, innovation, and customer satisfaction. From bespoke cabinetry in your kitchen to the intricate tile work in your bathroom, our craftsmanship brings your vision to life with an elegance and durability that lasts.
Canyon Property Projects Ltd. doesn't just renovate homes; they build dreams. Getting started with them is straightforward and designed to align with your specific needs from the outset.

House Renovation Surrey - Soaking tub installation

  • Kitchen cabinet replacement
  • Green home remodeling
  • Home insulation upgrades
  • Landscaping and hardscaping
  • House remodeling experts
  • Trusted renovation contractors Surrey
  • Surrey custom home upgrades
  • Bathroom tile renovation
  • Basement suite construction
  • Baseboard and trim renovation
  • Entryway remodeling
  • Laminate flooring installation
  • Local home renovators Surrey
  • Renovation cost estimates
  • Attic renovation
This step is crucial for aligning your dreams with the reality of the space and structural possibilities.
That's why they're committed to working closely with you from the initial concept to the final touches. With Canyon Property Projects, you can tap into these trends and more, creating a home that's not just updated, but truly yours. Read more about House Renovation Surrey here This unwavering commitment to customer satisfaction hasn't only set them apart in House Renovation Surrey but has also cultivated a loyal customer base that trusts them with their homes time and time again.
It's not just about slapping on a new coat of paint; it's a comprehensive overhaul that breathes new life into every corner of your home. Moreover, integrating technology has never been more seamless. Structural renovation Choosing custom renovations means you're involved in the decision-making process from start to finish.

Home Interiors House Renovation Surrey
Best Renovation Services House Renovation Surrey

Best Renovation Services House Renovation Surrey

One homeowner couldn't believe the transformation, saying, 'Canyon Property Projects turned our outdated kitchen into a modern masterpiece.

House Renovation Surrey - Kitchen cabinet replacement

  1. Home renovation
  2. Deck and patio remodeling
  3. Kitchen renovation
  4. Interior painting
  5. Walk-in shower installation
  6. Soaking tub installation
  7. Sustainable renovation materials
  8. Wall removal services
  9. Structural renovation
  10. Accessible home design
  11. Porch renovation
  12. Sunroom addition
  13. Mudroom design
  14. Residential remodeling
  15. Kitchen cabinet replacement
  16. Green home remodeling
  17. Home insulation upgrades
  18. Landscaping and hardscaping
  19. House remodeling experts
Their transparent communication keeps you informed every step of the way, ensuring the final result exceeds your expectations. Home insulation upgrades That's why they're committed to installing high-quality, durable materials that stand the test of time. You're not just another project to them; you're a partner in the creative process.

From the initial concept to the final touches, our tailored design solutions are about making your home uniquely yours. You'll witness your ideas take shape through collaborative design sessions, where your input is pivotal. For homeowners, this means peace of mind knowing that their plumbing needs are in the hands of trusted professionals.

From architects and designers who sketch your dreams onto paper to the craftsmen and builders who turn those sketches into reality, every member plays a crucial role.

House Renovation Surrey Exterior Upgrade Experts

They focus on using eco-friendly materials that are both durable and sustainable. You're not just hiring a team; you're partnering with a dedicated group of professionals who've spent years honing their craft. You'll find that our services extend beyond mere aesthetics. Next, they'll conduct a thorough assessment of your property to understand its potential and limitations. Whether you're looking to update your kitchen, transform your bathroom, or renovate your entire home, we've got the skills and experience to make it happen.

They dive deep into the aesthetics, from sleek, contemporary designs to classic elegance, ensuring every detail aligns with your vision. Whether you're dreaming of a serene, spa-like bathroom retreat or a vibrant, open-plan kitchen that becomes the heart of your home, they've got the expertise to make it happen. Initially, you'll sit down with their design team to share your vision, needs, and the unique characteristics of your space. It's clear that Canyon Property Projects isn't just renovating homes; they're crafting spaces where memories are made and dreams come to life.

This means you can seamlessly blend the inside and outside of your home, creating a cohesive look that's both beautiful and functional. Furthermore, we use only the highest quality materials and the latest technologies to deliver superior results that not only look beautiful but are also built to last. Canyon Property leverages cutting-edge technologies to elevate your renovation project. With a keen eye for detail, their team ensures every tile, fixture, and feature aligns perfectly with your preferences and the latest trends.

It's these experiences that highlight the company's commitment to not only meet but surpass their clients' visions. This collaboration ensures that the end result is as unique as you are, perfectly suited to your tastes and functional needs. This step is crucial to avoid legal problems and ensure your renovation meets all safety standards.

House Renovation Surrey - Soaking tub installation

  • Surrey home renovation company
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Home gym remodeling
  • Project management
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Electrical renovations
  • Door installation
  • Home theater installation
  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Home addition services
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Custom design-build services
  • Staircase renovation
  • Window replacement
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Vanity replacement
Feel free to reach out via phone at their dedicated customer service line.

House Renovation Surrey Exterior Upgrade Experts
Local Home Contractors House Renovation Surrey
Local Home Contractors House Renovation Surrey

Understanding your financing options is crucial when planning your dream home renovation with Canyon Property Projects. It's not just about meeting your expectations-it's about exceeding them. They plan meticulously to ensure materials are used efficiently, and what can't be used gets recycled, ensuring as little as possible ends up in the landfill. Don't settle for a home that's only partly what you want. The owner, an avid cook, couldn't be happier, telling us it's changed the way they use their home.

House Renovation Surrey - Landscaping and hardscaping

  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Electrical renovations
  • Door installation
  • Home theater installation
  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Home addition services
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
  • Custom design-build services
  • Staircase renovation
  • Window replacement
  • Soundproofing renovation
  • Luxury home remodeling Surrey
  • Vanity replacement
  • Home layout redesign
  • Built-in storage solutions
  • Living room renovation
  • Home energy audit
  • Backsplash installation


Building on our commitment to quality and tailored solutions, we've expanded our service offerings to meet even more of your home renovation needs.

House Renovation Surrey - Wall removal services

  • Whole house renovation
  • Countertop installation
  • Flooring installation
  • Roofing and gutters
  • Surrey renovation project planning
  • Surrey home renovation company
  • Financing options for renovation
  • Home gym remodeling
  • Project management
  • Painting and wall finishes
  • Eco-friendly renovations
  • Electrical renovations
  • Door installation
  • Home theater installation
  • Home improvement ideas Surrey
  • Basement waterproofing
  • Home addition services
  • Surrey heritage home restoration
Ignoring the importance of hiring professionals is also a pitfall. It's clear that Canyon Property Projects isn't just transforming homes; we're also making a positive impact on the environment and our clients' lives. They listen carefully to your ideas and feedback throughout the process, adapting and evolving their approach to align with your changing needs and preferences.

Secondly, Canyon prioritizes clear communication. This approach proves you don't have to sacrifice comfort for sustainability. Feedback consistently points to the professionalism and expertise of the Canyon Property team. 'Their attention to detail and sustainability has made our home not just more beautiful, but also more energy-efficient,' says a satisfied homeowner. From custom cabinetry and countertops to state-of-the-art appliances and innovative storage solutions, Canyon Property covers every detail.

You'll choose materials and technologies that not only reduce your carbon footprint but also enhance your living experience. One homeowner shares, 'They transformed our kitchen while sticking to green materials. When you're considering us for your project, you're not just getting a contractor; you're partnering with a team that listens. From water-efficient toilets to luxurious rainfall showerheads, they'll help you select the best products that blend form with function.

Interior painting
House Renovation Surrey Home Interior Experts

If you're intrigued by the prospect of elevating your home with innovative and thoughtful designs, you'll want to discover more about how Canyon Property Projects Ltd can bring your vision to life. You can tweak designs, swap out finishes, and adjust layouts in real-time, ensuring the final product is exactly what you envisioned. They're committed to using high-quality materials and the latest technologies to deliver a kitchen that withstands the test of time. Deck and patio remodeling Smart homes are evolving beyond convenience, offering solutions that anticipate your needs before you even realize them.
Jack's hands-on approach guarantees that every renovation isn't just visually stunning but built to last, marrying craftsmanship with eco-friendly practices. Mudroom design After we've got all the details down, it's time to design. Residents have come to know that when they see the Canyon Property Projects sign, they're in for a service that's both professional and personalized.
Once you're happy and give the green light, they'll kick off the project, keeping you informed and involved every step of the way. Now that we've explored your financing options, let's tackle the challenges you might face during your home renovation project with Canyon Property Projects. Wall removal services Take your time to design a comprehensive plan with Canyon Property Projects, considering every aspect of the renovation, from materials to timelines.
You're also thinking about functionality, improving the flow of your home, and incorporating smart technology that enhances your day-to-day living. Embracing sustainable practices, Canyon Property Projects Ltd ensures that your home renovation reduces environmental impact while enhancing efficiency. When you choose us, you're not just getting a renovation service; you're partnering with a team that puts your satisfaction at the forefront of everything we do.

Explore House Renovation Surrey here

House Renovation Surrey - Sunroom addition

  • Drywall installation and repair
  • Energy-efficient renovations
  • Tile installation services
  • Bedroom remodeling
  • Exterior siding replacement
  • Renovation contractors
  • Surrey kitchen and bath renovations
  • Exterior home renovation
  • Laundry room renovation
  • Exterior painting
  • Entertainment room renovation
  • Fireplace remodeling
  • Permit and code compliance
  • Outdoor kitchen installation
  • Plumbing upgrades
House Renovation Surrey Home Interior Experts

A contractor[1][2] (North American English) or builder (British English),[3][4] is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.[5]

In the United States, a contractor may be a sole proprietor managing a project and performing labor or carpentry work, have a small staff, or may be a very large company managing billion dollar projects. Some builders build new homes, some are remodelers, some are developers.[6]

Description

[edit]

A general contractor is a construction manager employed by a client, usually upon the advice of the project's architect or engineer.[7] General Contractors are mainly responsible for the overall coordination of a project and may also act as building designer and construction foreman (a tradesman in charge of a crew).

A general contractor must first assess the project-specific documents (referred to as a bid, proposal, or tender documents). In the case of renovations, a site visit is required to get a better understanding of the project. Depending on the project delivery method, the general contractor will submit a fixed price proposal or bid, cost-plus price or an estimate. The general contractor considers the cost of home office overhead, general conditions, materials, and equipment, as well as the cost of labor, to provide the owner with a price for the project.

Contract documents may include drawings, project manuals (including general, supplementary, or special conditions and specifications), and addendum or modifications issued prior to proposal/bidding and prepared by a design professional, such as an architect.The general contractor may also assume the role of construction manager, responsible for overseeing the project while assuming financial and legal risks.There are several types of risks can occur include cost overruns, delays, and liabilities related to safety or contract breaches.

Prior to formal appointment, the selected general contractor to whom a client proposes to award a contract is often referred to as a "preferred contractor".[8]

Responsibilities

[edit]

A general contractor is responsible for providing all of the material, labor, equipment (such as heavy equipment and tools) and services necessary for the construction of the project. A general contractor often hires specialized subcontractors to perform all or portions of the construction work. When using subcontractors, the general contractor is responsible for overseeing the quality of all work performed by any and all of the workers and subcontractors.

It is a best practice for general contractors to prioritize safety on the job site, and they are generally responsible for ensuring that work takes place following safe practices.

A general contractor's responsibilities may include applying for building permits, advising the person they are hired by, securing the property, providing temporary utilities on site, managing personnel on site, providing site surveying and engineering, disposing or recycling of construction waste, monitoring schedules and cash flows, and maintaining accurate records.[9]

The general contractor may be responsible for some part of the design, referred to as the "contractor's design portion" (JCT terminology).[10]

United Kingdom, Commonwealth and Australia usage

[edit]

In the United Kingdom, Australia and some British Commonwealth countries, the term 'general contractor' was gradually superseded by builders during the early twentieth century.[citation needed] This was the term used by major professional, trade, and consumer organizations when issuing contracts for construction work, and thus the term 'general contractor' fell out of use except in large organizations where the main contractor is the top manager and a general contractor shares responsibilities with professional contractors.

General contractors who conduct work for government agencies are often referred to as "builders". This term is also used in contexts where the customer's immediate general contractor is permitted to sub-contract or circumstances are likely to involve sub-contracting to specialist operators e.g. in various public services.

United States and Asia usage

[edit]

In the United States and Asia, the terms general contractor (or simply "contractor"), prime contractor and main contractor are often interchangeable when referring to small local companies that perform residential work. These companies are represented by trade organizations such as the NAHB.[11]

Prime contractor

[edit]

Prime contractor is a term defined in the US law.[12][13] Statutory definitions of prime contract, prime contractor, subcontract, and subcontractor are in 41 U.S.C. § 8701.[14] The prime contractor term was already defined before the 8 March 1946 passage of An Act To eliminate the practice by subcontractors, under cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable contacts of the United States, of paying fees or kick-backs, or of granting gifts or gratuities to employees of a cost-plus-a-fixed-fee or cost reimbursable prime contractors or of higher tier subcontractors for the purpose of securing the award of subcontracts or orders. (Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 79–319, 60 Stat. 37)

Licensing requirements

[edit]

Licensing requirements to work legally on construction projects vary from locale to locale. In the United States, there are no federal licensing requirements to become a general contractor, but most US states require general contractors to obtain a local license to operate. It is the states' responsibility to define these requirements: for example, in the state of California, the requirements are stated as follows:

With a few exceptions, all businesses or individuals who work on any building, highway, road, parking facility, railroad, excavation, or other structure in California must be licensed by the California Contractors State License Board (CSLB) if the total cost of one or more contracts on the project is $500 or more.

In every state that requires a license, a surety bond is required as part of the licensing process, with the exception of Louisiana, where bonding requirements may vary in different parishes. Not all states require General Contractor licenses - these include Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, among others.

Licensing qualifications

[edit]

Some general contractors obtain bachelor's degrees in construction science, building science, surveying, construction safety, or other disciplines.

General Contractors often learn about different aspects of construction, including masonry, carpentry, framing, and plumbing. Aspiring general contractors communicate with subcontractors and may learn the management skills they need to run their own company.

Experience in the construction industry as well as references from customers, business partners, or former employers are demanded. Some jurisdictions require candidates to provide proof of financing to own their own general contracting firm.

General Contractors often run their own business. They hire subcontractors to complete specialized construction work and may manage a team of plumbers, electricians, bricklayers, carpenters, iron workers, technicians, handymans, architects and roofers. General Contractors build their business by networking with potential clients, buying basic construction tools, and ensuring that their subcontractors complete high-quality work. General Contractors do not usually complete much construction work themselves, but they need to be familiar with construction techniques so they can manage workers effectively. Other reasons include access to specialist skills, flexible hiring and firing, and lower costs.

General contractor example

[edit]

A property owner or real estate developer develops a program of their needs and selects a site (often with an architect). The architect assembles a design team of consulting engineers and other experts to design the building and specify the building systems. Today contractors frequently participate on the design team by providing pre-design services such as providing estimations of the budget and scheduling requirements to improve the economy of the project. In other cases, the general contractor is hired at the close of the design phase. The owner, architect, and general contractor work closely together to meet deadlines and budget. The general contractor works with subcontractors to ensure quality standards; subcontractors specialise in areas such as electrical wiring, plumbing, masonry, etc.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Davies, Nikolas, and Erkki Jokiniemi. Architect's illustrated pocket dictionary. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011. 289. Print.
  2. ^ "Collins Dictionary".
  3. ^ "Merriam-Webster".
  4. ^ "Builder vs. Construction Manager".
  5. ^ Hendrickson, Chris. & Au, Tung (2000), The Design and Construction Process. Project Management for Construction: Fundamental Concepts for Owners, Engineers, Architects and Builders, chapter 3
  6. ^ "What's the difference between a developer and a builder?". Chicago Tribune. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  7. ^ Shekhar, R. K. (2005), Academic Dictionary of Architecture, Delhi: Isha Books, 69
  8. ^ Law Insider Inc., Preferred Contractor(s definition [sic], accessed 21 March 2023
  9. ^ Allen, Edward, & Iano Joseph (2009). Fundamentals of Building Construction Materials and Methods. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
  10. ^ Joint Contracts Tribunal, Intermediate Building Contract with contractor’s design (ICD), current edition 2019, accessed 7 July 2021
  11. ^ "About NAHB". www.nahb.org. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
  12. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1.
  13. ^ Carril & Duggan 2020.
  14. ^ Nicastro 2023, p. 1, Note 5.

Sources

[edit]

Polybutylene
Names
Other names
polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1
Identifiers
ChemSpider
  • none
ECHA InfoCard 100.111.056 Edit this at Wikidata
Properties
(C4H8)n
Density 0.95 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)[1]
Related compounds
Related compounds
1-butene (monomer)
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Polybutylene (polybutene-1, poly(1-butene), PB-1) is a polyolefin or saturated polymer with the chemical formula (CH2CH(Et))n. Not be confused with polybutene, PB-1 is mainly used in piping.[2]

Production

[edit]

Polybutylene is produced by polymerisation of 1-butene using supported Ziegler–Natta catalysts.

Catalysts

[edit]

Isotactic PB-1 is produced commercially using two types of heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalysts.[3] The first type of catalyst contains two components, a solid pre-catalyst, the δ-crystalline form of TiCl3, and solution of an organoaluminum cocatalyst, such as Al(C2H5)3. The second type of pre-catalyst is supported. The active ingredient in the catalyst is TiCl4 and the support is microcrystalline MgCl2. These catalysts also contain special modifiers, organic compounds belonging to the classes of esters or ethers. The pre-catalysts are activated by combinations of organoaluminum compounds and other types of organic or organometallic modifiers. Two most important technological advantages of the supported catalysts are high productivity and a high fraction of the crystalline isotactic polymer they produce at 70–80 °C under standard polymerization conditions.[4][5][6]

Characteristics

[edit]

PB-1 is a high molecular weight, linear, isotactic, and semi-crystalline polymer. PB-1 combines typical characteristics of conventional polyolefins with certain properties of technical polymers.

PB-1, when applied as a pure or reinforced resin, can replace materials like metal, rubber and engineering polymers. It is also used synergistically as a blend element to modify the characteristics of other polyolefins like polypropylene and polyethylene. Because of its specific properties it is mainly used in pressure piping, flexible packaging, water heaters, compounding and hot melt adhesives.

Heated up to 190 °C and above, PB-1 can easily be compression moulded, injection moulded, blown to hollow parts, extruded, and welded. It does not tend to crack due to stress.[dubiousdiscuss] Because of its crystalline structure and high molecular weight, PB-1 has good resistance to hydrostatic pressure, showing very low creep even at elevated temperatures.[7] It is flexible, resists impact well and has good elastic recovery.[3][8]

Isotactic polybutylene crystallizes in three different forms. Crystallization from solution yields form-III with the melting point of 106.5 °C. Cooling from the melt results in the form II which has melting point of 124 °C and density of 0.89 g/cm3. At room temperature, it spontaneously converts into the form-I with the melting point of 135 °C and density of 0.95 g/cm3.[1]

PB-1 generally resists chemicals such as detergents, oils, fats, acids, bases, alcohol, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons and hot polar solutions (including water).[3] It shows lower resistance to aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons as well as oxidising acids than other polymers such as polysulfone and polyamide 6/6.[7] Additional features include excellent wet abrasion resistance, easy melt flowability (shear thinning), and good dispersion of fillers. It is compatible with polypropylene, ethylene propylene rubbers, and thermoplastic elastomers.

Some properties:[7]

Application areas

[edit]

Piping systems

[edit]

The main use of PB-1 is in flexible pressure piping systems for hot and cold drinking water distribution, pre-insulated district heating networks and surface heating and cooling systems. ISO 15876 defines the performance requirements of PB-1 piping systems.[9] PB-1's most notable characteristics are weldability, temperature resistance, flexibility and high hydrostatic pressure resistance. The material can be classified PB 125 with a minimum required strength (MRS) of 12.5 MPa. Other features include low noise transmission, low linear thermal expansion, no corrosion and calcification.

PB-1 piping systems are no longer being sold in North America (see "Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage", below). The overall market share in Europe and Asia is rather small but PB-1 piping systems have shown a steady growth in recent years. In certain domestic markets, e.g. Kuwait, the United Kingdom, Korea and Spain, PB-1 piping systems have a strong position.[8]

Plastic packaging

[edit]

Several PB-1 grades are commercially available for various applications and conversion technologies (blown film, cast film, extrusion coating). There are two main fields of application:

  • Peelable easy-to-open packaging where PB-1 is used as blend component predominantly in polyethylene to tailor peel strength and peel quality, mainly in alimentary consumer packaging and medical packaging.
  • Lowering seal initiation temperature (SIT) of high speed packaging polypropylene based films. Blending PB-1 into polypropylene, heat sealing temperatures as low as 65 °C can be achieved, maintaining a broad sealing window and good optical film properties.

Hot melt adhesives

[edit]

PB-1 is compatible with a wide range of tackifier resins. It offers high cohesive and adhesive strength and helps tailoring the "open time" of the adhesive (up to 30 minutes) because of its slow crystallisation kinetics. It improves the thermal stability and the viscosity of the adhesive.[10]

Compounding and masterbatches

[edit]

PB-1 accepts very high filler loadings in excess of 70%. In combination with its low melting point it can be employed in halogen-free flame retardant composites or as masterbatch carrier for thermo-sensitive pigments. PB-1 disperses easily in other polyolefins, and at low concentration, acts as processing aid reducing torque and/or increasing throughput.

Thermal insulation

[edit]

PB-1 can be foamed.[11] The use of PB-1 foam as thermal insulation is of great advantage for district heating pipes, since the number of materials in the sandwich structure is reduced to one, facilitating its recycling.[12]

Other applications

[edit]

Other applications include domestic water heaters, electrical insulation, compression packaging, wire and cable, shoe soles, and polyolefin modification (thermal bonding, enhancing softness and flexibility of rigid compounds, increasing temperature resistance and compression set of soft compounds).

Environmental longevity

[edit]

Plumbing and heating systems made from PB-1 have been used in Europe and Asia for more than 30 years. First reference projects in district heating and floor heating systems in Germany and Austria from the early 1970s are still in operation today.[8]

One example is the installation of PB-1 pipes in the Vienna Geothermal Project (1974) where aggressive geothermal water is distributed at a service temperature of 54 °C and 10 bar pressure. Other pipe materials in the same installation failed or corroded and had been replaced in the meantime.[8]

International standards set minimum performance requirements for pipes made from PB-1 used in hot water applications. Standardized extrapolation methods predict lifetimes in excess of 50 years at 70 °C and 10 bar.[8]

Class action lawsuits and removal from building code approved usage

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Polybutylene plumbing was used in several million homes built in the United States from around 1978 to 1997. Problems with leaks and broken pipes led to a class action lawsuit, Cox v. Shell Oil, that was settled for $1 billion.[13][14] The leaks were associated with degradation of polybutylene exposed to chlorinated water.[15]

Polybutylene water pipes are no longer accepted by the United States building codes and have been the subject[16] of class action lawsuits in both Canada and the U.S.[17][18] The National Plumbing Code of Canada 1995 listed polybutylene piping as acceptable for use with the exception of recirculation plumbing. The piping was removed from the acceptable for use list in the 2005 issue of the standard.[19]

In Australia in March 2023, the Department of Mines, Industry Regulation and Safety reported that Australian homes built in 2019-2020 that had used a certain brand of polybutylene piping, had become the subject of an enquiry due to the significance of water leaks reported.[20][21]

There is evidence to suggest that the presence of chlorine and chloramine compounds in municipal water (often deliberately added to retard bacterial growth) will cause deterioration of the internal chemical structure of polybutylene piping and the associated acetal fittings.[22] The reaction with chlorinated water appears to be greatly accelerated by tensile stress, and is most often observed in material under highest mechanical stress such as at fittings, sharp bends, and kinks. Localized stress whitening of the material generally accompanies and precedes decomposition of the polymer. In extreme cases, this stress-activated chemical "corrosion" can lead to perforation and leakage within a few years, but it also may not fail for decades. Fittings with a soft compression seal can give adequate service life.[further explanation needed]

Because the chemical reaction of the water with the pipe occurs inside the pipe, it is often difficult to assess the extent of deterioration. The problem can cause both slow leaks and pipe bursting without any previous warning indication. The only long-term solution is to completely replace the polybutylene plumbing throughout the entire building.[23]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Mark Alger, Mark S. M. Alger (1997). Polymer science dictionary. Springer. p. 398. ISBN 978-0-412-60870-4.
  2. ^ Whiteley, Kenneth S.; Heggs, T. Geoffrey; Koch, Hartmut; Mawer, Ralph L.; Immel, Wolfgang (2000). "Polyolefins". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a21_487. ISBN 978-3527306732.
  3. ^ a b c d Charles A. Harper (2006). Handbook of plastics technologies: the complete guide to properties and performance. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 17. ISBN 978-0-07-146068-2.
  4. ^ Hwo, Charles C.; Watkins, Larry K. Laminated film with improved tear strength, European Patent Application EP0459742, Publication date 12/04/1991
  5. ^ Boo-Deuk Kim et al. (2008) U.S. patent 7,442,489
  6. ^ Shimizu, Akihiko; Itakura, Keisuke; Otsu, Takayuki; Imoto, Minoru (1969). "Monomer-isomerization polymerization. VI. Isomerizations of butene-2 with TiCl3 or Al(C2H5)3–TiCl3 catalyst". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry. 7 (11): 3119. Bibcode:1969JPoSA...7.3119S. doi:10.1002/pol.1969.150071108.
  7. ^ a b c d Freeman, Andrew; Mantell, Susan C.; Davidson, Jane H. (2005). "Mechanical performance of polysulfone, polybutylene, and polyamide 6/6 in hot chlorinated water". Solar Energy. 79 (6): 624–37. Bibcode:2005SoEn...79..624F. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2005.07.003.
  8. ^ a b c d e Polybutylene Archived November 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ ISO 15876-1:2003 iso.org
  10. ^ T.E. Rolando (1998). Solvent-Free Adhesives. iSmithers Rapra. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-85957-133-0.
  11. ^ Doyle, Lucía (2022-03-20). "Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene-1. Toward single-material multifunctional sandwich structures". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 139 (12). doi:10.1002/app.51816. ISSN 0021-8995.
  12. ^ Doyle Gutierrez, Lucia (2022-12-02). A Circular Economy Approach to Multifunctional Sandwich Structures: Polymeric Foams for District Heating Pre-Insulated Pipes (Thesis thesis). HafenCity Universität Hamburg. doi:10.34712/142.35.
  13. ^ Hensler, Deborah R.; Pace, Nicholas M.; Dombey-Moore, Bonita; Giddens, Beth; Gross, Jennifer; Moller, Erik K. (2000). "Polybutylene Plumbing Pipes Litigation: Cox v. Shell Oil". In Hensler, Deborah R. (ed.). Class action dilemmas: pursuing public goals for private gain. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Institute for Civil Justice. pp. 375–98. ISBN 978-0-8330-2601-9.
  14. ^ Schneider, Martin (November 21, 1999). "Pipe problem getting fixed". The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved 2010-07-29.
  15. ^ Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Assessing material performance in chlorinated potable water applications" (PDF). Book Institute of Materials. 759: 863–72. ISSN 1366-5510. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-06-22. Retrieved 2010-07-30. also published as: Vibien, P.; Couch, J.; Oliphant, K.; Zhou, W.; Zhang, B.; Chudnovsky, A. (2001). "Chlorine resistance testing of cross-linked polyethylene piping materials". ANTEC 2001 Proceedings. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 2833–9. ISBN 978-1-58716-098-1.
  16. ^ Pipe dream is nightmare for many, Miami Herald - September 12, 1993
  17. ^ "DuPont USA Settlement of the Canadian Class Action Lawsuits". Archived from the original on 2011-07-06. Retrieved 2010-10-01.
  18. ^ Polybutylene Plumbing Pipe Leak Relief
  19. ^ "Polybutylene (Poly-B) Pressure Water Piping" (PDF). municipalaffairs.alberta.ca. Government of Alberta. 2012-01-06. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  20. ^ "Information for owners of new homes with polybutylene plumbing pipes" (PDF). commerce.wa.gov.au. March 21, 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  21. ^ Batajtis, Damian (27 March 2023). "Comprehensive Guide to polybutylene Piping Issues and Solutions in Australia". Wizard Leak Detection. Archived from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Cause of failure in polybutylene pipe & acetal fittings http://www.polybutylene.com/poly.html
  23. ^ "Polybutylene Piping". PropEx.com. Archived from the original on 2015-08-29. Retrieved 2015-07-17.

Further reading

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Frequently Asked Questions

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